What is the data link layer in the OSI model?
The data link layer is the protocol layer in a program that handles how data moves in and out of a physical link in a network. It is Layer 2 in the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) architecture model, and its main purposes are to facilitate data transfers between network entities and to ensure reliable error-free […]
Read More
What is port address translation (PAT)?
Port address translation (PAT) is a type of network address translation (NAT) that maps a network’s private internal IPv4 addresses to a single public Internet Protocol address by using network ports. NAT is a process that routers use to translate internal, nonregistered IP addresses to external, registered IP addresses. PAT differs from other forms of […]
Read More
What is a northbound interface/southbound interface?
A northbound interface (NBI) is an application programming interface (API) or protocol that allows a lower-level network component to communicate with a higher-level or more central component; conversely, a southbound interface (SBI) allows a higher-level component to send commands to lower-level network components. Northbound and southbound interfaces are most associated with software-defined networking (SDN), but […]
Read More
What is QAM (quadrature amplitude modulation) and how does it work?
QAM (quadrature amplitude modulation) is a method of combining two amplitude modulation (AM) signals into a single channel. This modulation scheme helps double the channel’s effective bandwidth. QAM is also used with pulse AM in digital systems, such as wireless communications. How does QAM work? QAM is used to achieve greater spectrum efficiency. This is […]
Read More
What is software-defined networking (SDN)?
Software-defined networking (SDN) is a networking approach in which software is used to easily configure and centrally manage IT networks. SDN abstracts a network’s different, distinguishable layers to make it more agile, flexible and easy to manage. Its main goal is to improve network control and empower enterprises to respond quickly to changing business requirements […]
Read More
What is a network packet?
A network packet is a basic unit of data that is transferred over a computer network, typically a packet-switched network, such as the internet. Before data like files, images, videos or emails are transmitted over a network, they are first divided into packets. Upon arrival at their destination, the packets are reassembled to form the […]
Read More
What is a farad (F)?
A farad (F) is the standard unit of electrical capacitance (C) in the International System of Units. It indicates the ability of a substance to hold an electrical charge. The value of most electrical capacitors is expressed in farads, microfarads (µF) or nanofarads (nF). The farad was named after the 18th-century English physicist Michael Faraday. […]
Read More
What is a smart city?
A smart city is a municipality that uses information and communication technology to increase operational efficiency, share information with the public, and improve the quality of government services and citizen welfare. While the exact definition varies, the overarching mission of a smart city is to optimize city functions, drive economic growth, and improve the quality […]
Read More
How to use IoT for marketing
From real-time customer data to memorable experiences, the internet of things can help marketers create highly relevant and engaging campaigns. Simon Kingsnorth The internet of things (IoT) is a network of devices that collect data from physical objects and transmit it to the internet. This technology, which has become increasingly prevalent in both consumer […]
Read More